Mrs Beast Essay

One construction of feminism in the poem is female dominance over men. The Beast is shown as the weaker of the male culture due to his unappealing image â€Å"ugly as sin†. The Beast sees the narrators seeming interest in him as a miracle and is portrayed as desperate to keep her attention even it means living with her neglect. Here we see that the there is a reversal of gender stereotype as the Beast takes on the supportive female role and the narrator takes on the stereotypically-dominant male role. The Beast is also described as submissive to the narrator, â€Å"fell to his knee’s at the door† which is stereotypically a female trait and shows the power Mrs Beast has over him. Traditionally men are known for being the most powerful in relationships as they are looked up to by women as the more protective, confident and in-control gender because are often known to be the sex that induces a relationship (asking to court/ asking for marriage). Another male trait shown by ‘Mrs Beast’ is the control she has over the Beast such as during sex, â€Å"The lady says Do this. Harder. The lady says Do that. Faster. The lady says That’s not where I meant. † The imperatives used show that Mrs Beast is the most dominant in their relationship which goes against gender stereotypes as men are traditional seen as the most powerful in a relationship. In the poem Mrs Beast shows that she controls when the couple have sex â€Å"The pig in my bed Was invited† which suggests that man has become a sexual object to Mrs Beast rather than a lover, as she shows no emotional attachment to him other than to use him to please her, which supports the feminist view of female dominance. Men are also known to be the most confident in sex and it’s usually the submissive woman that is known to conform to pleasuring the man rather than vice versa. Second construction of feminism in the poem is where the women take on masculine characteristics and traits. Peukert wrote that Carol Ann Duffy shows a â€Å"reverse of the traditional hierarchical gender constructions, where the female is now presented as a superior and dominating figure† in her poem. Many critics argue whether this reversal is seen as positive or negative as in some areas of her poem, the narrator seems to be losing her female traits and manifesting into the feminist viewpoint of a man. In the poem, Mrs Beast shows male characteristics such as where she uses contemporary taboo language when referring to ‘Princes’ as â€Å"bastards†. This is often a male trait because women are stereotypically known to be more well-spoken and polite than men. Another example of a male trait Mrs Beast portrays is when she boasts of her possessions and independence, â€Å"My own gold †¦ My own black horse†. This is often seen as a stereotypical male trait as men are considered my independent than women who often depend on men to provide for them and their family. Also, to boast about one’s possessions and power, shows competitiveness which is a common male characteristic also. Competiveness is also shown in the poker game between the â€Å"Serious ladies†, a game that is considered ‘a man’s game’. Traditionally, women playing poker/gambling was seen as improper because of its known bad influence to cause obsession which would be unacceptable as women were seen as pure/untouchable against all evil/illegal things such as drinking or smoking. Duffy’s use of the semantic field of the poker game, â€Å"bluff†, â€Å"Aces† and â€Å"shuffle and deal† the women are now in roles of control which is a typical masculine trait. (The game could also show that the relationships are like a game. ) Gender role reversal is also shown in the way the Beast is described. When the Beast meets the narrator at the beginning, he is said to show â€Å"tears in his bloodshot eyes, That he knew he was blessed†. Showing emotion is not usually associated with men as the female gender are often stereotypically portrayed as the more emotionally gender and for men to show emotion is seen as a humiliating weakness. An earlier example of this would be in Stokers novel, Dracula, when Holmwood breaks down in front of Mina, which many Victorian male readers would find shameful and weak. This could support Antony Rowland’s view that â€Å"men and masculinity are attacked constantly by more abrasive female narrators† throughout Duffys poems in ‘The Worlds Wife’. In the poem, Duffy exposes men for the ‘†bastards† that they are and mocks them in comparison to the ‘Beast’, â€Å"The sex is better†, â€Å"his erection ,Size of a mules – best†. Here Duffy teases the men (‘Princes’) by comparing physical manhood which is stereotypically known as a ‘mans pride of pleasure’. Another construction of feminism is the discriminating or degrading of the male gender. The Beast in the poem is often compared to a â€Å"mongrel† and â€Å"a dog† all animals which are known for evolving from â€Å"wolfs† to household pets. This suggests that the Beast is mere property to Mrs Beast and perhaps at both times a comfort and a burden to have to keep, which links to the feminist theme that men are sexual objects and nothing more. Dogs are known to have short-life span and are often replaced by another which again could be considered a stereotypically a masculine view, that women can be replaced after they’ve outdid their usage, as there are ‘plenty more fish in the sea’. Other animals the Beast is compared to is a â€Å"mule†, â€Å"donkey† and â€Å"horse† which are all animals that humans use for transport. We could suggest that this could be a sexual reference as Mrs Beast ‘rides’ the Beast and is control during sex, as a rider is in control of a horse. There is also a phrase in the poem where animals mentioned seem to drop down in evolution, â€Å"An ape, a wolf †¦ dragon, dinosaur. † Humans are believed to have evolved from apes, so to describe the Beast as a ape and then a dinosaur could suggest that Carol Ann Duffy is implying that men are perhaps less evolved than women and that in the presence of a woman (Mrs Beast) men lose their humanity/ intelligence. Another construction of feminism in the poem is the theme of homosexuality. At the end of the poker, the â€Å"drop-dead gorgeous Bride of the Bearded Lesbian didn’t Bluff† and ends up winning the game. Some critics believe that Duffy is intentionally putting out her support for homosexuality by letting the ‘Lesbian’ be the winner of the poker game. This could also be a biased consideration of the stereotypical viewpoint that most feminist are homosexual for example Duffy herself has been rumoured to have had a relationship with (Not sure how to develop ) Duffy lists, throughout the poem, various women both from history, â€Å"Marilyn Monroe†, â€Å"Bluebeard’s wives, Henry VIII’s†, â€Å"Diana, Princess of Wales† and from fairytales, â€Å"Little Mermaid†, â€Å"Rapunzel†, â€Å"Ashputtel†. Here Mrs Beast and her acquaintances pay tribute to these women, of whom Duffy suggests, were mistreated by their â€Å"Prince† such as â€Å"Diana†. Her marriage to Prince Charles was frowned on by the Royal family and eventually came to an end when he husband was rumoured to have had an affair behind her back. From this reference, Duffy is implying that even the most presumed perfect man on the outside (Prince Charles both a member of the Royal family and a Catholic) can still be a â€Å"bastard† inside. The reference to â€Å"Bluebeard’s wives† also shows the false image, shown by men who seem perfect. In the fairytale Bluebeard marries again, after a numerous times before, to a beautiful woman who in the ends find out that Bluebeards has killed his previous wife’s and hung them up in a room, she informs others and has him killed. Duffy refers to this fairytale because it negatively implies that men are destroyers of women and only seek to harm/manipulate them like Bluebeard who kills his wife’s and strings them up like trophies/ prizes of his conquests. A additional reference to another â€Å"tragic girl† is â€Å"the tears of Mary† where Duffy personifies the beads of the rosary as the Virgin Mary’s tears. Here Duffy makes a controversial example of the suffering of Mary, whose vital suffering is considered insignificant in comparison to the suffering of Jesus on the cross. Although this is could be a exceptional argument supporting feminist we must consider the context because the discrimination is purely down to the culture during the time period the Bible was wrote; women were seen as the ‘weaker sex’.

Plant Asset Essay

Disposal of Plant Assets 1. Discard Plant Assets 2. Sell Plant Assets 3. Exchange Plant Assets – Exchange with similar assets – Exchange with dissimilar assets Discard Assets A machine costing $9000 with accumulated depreciation of $9000 is discarded on June 5, 2001 Machine 9000 Accumulated depreciation 9000 Accumulated depreciation needs reverse entry General Journal Date Account Title and Explanation PR Debit Credit Discard Assets A machine costing $8000 with accumulated depreciation of $6000 on Dec 31, 2000. It is discarded on July 1, 2001 Machine 8000 Accumulated depreciation 000 General Journal Date Account Title and Explanation PR Debit Credit Selling Plant Asset 3 Types of Selling – Sell at book value – Sell above book value – Sell below book value Sell Plant Asset at Book Value Example A machine costing $16000 with accumulated depreciation of $12000 on Dec 31, 2002. It is sold on March 1, 2003 for cash = $3000 Machine Accumulated depreciatio n 16000 12000 General Journal Date Account Title and Explanation PR Debit Credit Sell Plant Asset Above Book Value Example A machine costing $16000 with accumulated depreciation of $12000 on Dec 31, 2002. It is sold on March 1, 2003 for cash = $7000 Machine Accumulated depreciation 16000 12000 General Journal Date Account Title and Explanation PR Debit Credit Sell Plant Asset below Book Value Example A machine costing $16000 with accumulated depreciation of $12000 on Dec 31, 2002. It is sold on March 1, 2003 for cash = $2500 Machine Accumulated depreciation 16000 12000 General Journal Date Account Title and Explanation PR Debit Credit Exchanging Plant Assets Assets Exchange Dissimilar Similar Loss Recognized Recognized Gain Recognized Not Recognized Exchange Similar Asset – Gain Example An old equipment costing $36,000 with accumulated depreciation of $20,000 on Dec 31, 2002. It is exchanged on Jan 1, 2003 for new equipment that has fair value =$42,000 by paying more cash = $33000 Machine Accumulated depreciation 36,000 20,000 General Journal Date Account Title and Explanation PR Debit Credit Exchange Dissimilar Asset – Gain Example An old equipment costing $36,000 with accumulated depreciation of $20,000 on Dec 31, 2002. It is exchanged on Jan 1, 2003 for new equipment that has fair value =$52,000 by paying more cash = $33000 Machine Accumulated depreciation 6,000 20,000 General Journal Date Account Title and Explanation PR Debit Credit Summary ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Cost of plant assets Lump sum purchase Capital expenditure and Revenue expenditure Depreciation method Partial year Depreciation Revise estimate of salvage value and useful life Disposal of plant assets Practice On July 14, 99 company A paid $600,000 cash to acquire a factory that has land, land improvement building and machinery. Appraised value: ? land = $160,000 ? land improvement = $80,000 ? Building = $320,000 ? Machinery = $240,000 Journalize?

Nissan Altima Electric Mode Hybrid Car Question

Hello Christine and Scott, I was very relieved to find your pages under About.com and find out I could email you. A few weeks ago we purchased a 2008 Nissan Altima Hybrid and recently we noticed something that has us worried: the gasoline engine kicks on a few seconds after starting the car and while the car is still in PARK. It stays on EV MODE for only the first few seconds. This is not what we expected! We thought (from research) that the high voltage battery would have total control at startup, low speeds, and when not moving (at a stop sign /red light). In other words, NO GASOLINE being used at these times. EV MODE the whole time! We also observed: 1. After we shift to D, DRIVE, it happens again every time the vehicle comes to a full stop while at a stop sign or red light and were not moving for more than a few seconds. 2. The engine stays on for at least a minute and then shuts off, EV MODE resumes and all is quiet until I start moving and accelerating. 3. This behavior seems to happen when the engine is cold, in other words, when it hasnt been used for hours (e.g. first drive in the morning) and keeps happening for about 1/2 hour or so during that first drive. After 1/2 hour or so, this stops happening. In other words, the EV MODE sign comes on and STAYS ON the whole time the car is stopped (idle) at a stop sign/red traffic light or while the car is in PARK but still on. This is what we thought would ALWAYS happen! 4. There is one exception to what I just said in item 3 above. Today for the first time, while at a red light, and after the car went into EV MODE, the engine kicked on even though I had just driven the car for at least one hour at high speeds on highway. Is something wrong with my car? I noticed on your website that you own your own 2008 Nissan Hybrid. Please tell me whats happening with yours. At first my husband thought that this was due to the cold weather (under 40 degrees). But today, the temperature was at 48 degrees and it still didnt stay in EV MODE at startup. Please help. I am afraid this might be a defective car. Dora PS. Yesterday I drove the car to the dealer and the salesperson that sold us the car told us that he has seen it happen before and that it is normal. He even had me drive another hybrid (2007) that had not been sold yet and sure enough, seconds after the car started, the EV MODE signal disappeared and the engine started EVEN THOUGH I was still in park mode. I dont know whether to believe him or not. I also dont find any info on manual to either identify this behavior as normal or not normal. Hey Dora, Thanks for writing - good questions. We understand your concerns. No worries – it sounds as if your 2008 Altima Hybrid is working perfectly normally. Your husband is right - it does have a lot to do with the cold temperatures, and there actually are several conditions that will make the engine on your car run, regardless of your input. They are: State of battery charge Temperature of the engine and hybrid components Ambient air temperature When you start the car, it will usually start the engine after just a few seconds, even if its been only a few hours since youve last driven it. The computer does this automatically to warm the engine, hybrid battery and associated hybrid components. Under mild weather conditions, the engine should shut off after just a few minutes, but when it’s colder out, it could take substantially longer—it also depends upon the amount of charge left in the hybrid battery. If it’s on the low side, the engine may continue running to charge the battery up to full capacity. Also, and this is especially true in the winter (and if you are using the heater and/or the defroster a lot), the engine will run longer. The engine has to run to warm the cabin—and the higher you have the heat set (and the longer it’s on), the more the engine will run. If you have electrically heated seats, using those can help minimize the need to heat the cabin air as much, thus minimizing t he engine running time also. Even if you are stopped for a minute or more at a traffic light and the car is in EV mode, if any of these conditions come up (low battery, car needing heat), the engine will start. Again, all of this is normal. You’ll notice as we get into spring and early summer (and you won’t be needing the heat/defroster as much), everything will come up to operating temperature quicker and the Altima Hybrid will stay in EV mode much longer. In the summertime when it gets really hot and you’re using the AC a lot, you could notice that it runs the engine more. The AC compressor runs off electricity, so you may find the engine kicks on more often to keep the battery charged. Just bear in mind that this is a hybrid electric car and is reliant upon the gasoline engine to keep the entire system up and running. Even though you can drive in electric mode, it’s still more of an assistant than a main power source. Your Altima uses Toyota’s Synergy Drive System—in our opinion, it is the best one available. As you get used to this car, we bet you’ll not only be able to maximize the EV mode driving (and fuel economy), but come to love it as well. For your reference, here’s an article we wrote about hybrids and cold temps, and some info about obtaining the best mileage from your hybrid via hypermiling. (Yep, Scott hypermiled in the Altima Hybrid—look what it can do. Thanks for visiting our site and writing—please feel free to let us know if you have any more questions. Best regards, Christine Scott

Managing Induction Process for Health and Social Care or...

Unit 523 Managing induction process for health and social care or children and young people’s settings. 01.1 purpose of induction Induction is the first piece of learning a worker undertakes when joining the social care sector or a new organisation. These Common Induction Standards (CIS) have been designed to provide a structured start for workers in the first 12 weeks of employment, which will help ensure that they are then safe to leave alone with responsibility for the people they support. But when workers are expected to perform any tasks that are not covered by the CIS, appropriate training must be provided before the work is undertaken. There are eight standards that the induction should cover these are. Standard 1 Role of the†¦show more content†¦* Self-evaluation: ask the person to describe how they think they are progressing. * Observation: direct observation of how the person is performing in their role. * Feedback: from people who use the service and their close networks as well as colleagues. * Reflection: ask the person to reflect on an aspect of their work, usually a specific i ncident, and explain what they learned from it. * Questions: to test the person understanding of a topic in more depth. * Evidence: of accredited training in a particular area. 01.3 The successfully completed induction demonstrates that a worker has the basic Information necessary for work in social care. However it should also enable the person to identify other areas in which they may need further training to develop their skills for further progression. The induction process for a new worker may reveal that the worker needs additional help in order to meet the functional levels of language, literacy and numeracy which the manager considers necessary for them to do their job properly. This area of work is crucial to increasing the skills of the social care workforce and ensuring the well-being of the people being supported. The successfully completed induction demonstrates that a worker has the basic information necessary for work in social care. 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The Key to Successful Persuasive Essay Social Media Topics Beneficial to the Society

The Key to Successful Persuasive Essay Social Media Topics Beneficial to the Society Introducing Persuasive Essay Social Media Topics Beneficial to the Society The significance of social media cannot be ignored since it plays an extremely crucial part in our lives today. To conclude, society has benefitted greatly from social networking networks and provides a large number of advantages for a number of reasons. Over the past decade, social media has undoubtedly altered the way that people communicate. According to different research studies in the area of online social networks, Online social media have gained astounding worldwide rise and popularity that has led to attracting attention from number of researchers globally. Where to Find Persuasive Essay Social Media Topics Beneficial to the Society Normally, having three important arguments to demonstrate your point is sufficient for a convincing paper. If you can select the matter all on your own, it's possible to produce t he issue of interest! To choose which subject you're likely to discuss, it's crucial to see the complete collection of good persuasive speech topics from the specific area of study. Because of this, you might want to think about a few topics before settling on the one which permits you to be more descriptive and entertaining. Your topic choice may differ based on particular intent. Controversial topics work nicely for speeches and essays, since they typically evoke strong opinions on either side. Still, figuring out the ideal topic for your essay isn't your only concern for a student. Deciding on the correct topic for a persuasive speech can be not such an easy issue to do as it might seem. The Fundamentals of Persuasive Essay Social Media Topics Beneficial to the Society That You Can Benefit From Starting Immediately Instead of just immediately writing about your argumentative essay topic, you first have to think about what it is that you're likely to put back on your paper through a procedure of brainstorming and pre-writing. Overall, you can observe that writing a persuasive essay isn't a brain surgery. The above mentioned collection of essay topics is going to aid you in writing school essays of distinct types punctually. Nowadays there are lots of subjects offered for those seeking to compose good, argumentative essays. Type of Persuasive Essay Social Media Topics Beneficial to the Society Social anxiety can put kids and teens in fear of the actual Earth, and make them turn into socially-isolated. A study performed by the National Alliance of Mental Illness in 2011 proved that those who feel socially-isolated are at heightened risk of suicide. Social media ought to be an entertaining thing for all people to be in a position to play games, and connect with distant family and friends. They is regarded as an addiction and many people are becoming addicts every day. Persuasive Essay Social Media Topics Beneficial to the Society Ideas Through social websites, folks get proper diet chart plans from gym trainers which aids people to remain healthier and fit. In reality there's drastic change when compared with the early years where kids used to devote a lot time with one another or parents playing or simply sharing stories. The very first reason social media has helped is because it allows you to keep in contact with friends and family members. Having 4000 friends on Facebook might force you to feel you have tons of friends, but you need no face-to-face contact. Introducing Persuasive Essay Social Media Topics Beneficial to the Society A text or instant message, via one of the many social media websites, is the way the bulk of people these days interact with each other. The ease and simplicity of access contributes to social media and network addictions. In a nutshell, social media can give lots of information for its user requirements. Although social media like Facebook, has helped broaden education into various outlets besides the conventional classroom, there are a few questions a lot of people have about how safe these on-line environments are. Help your social networking followers by responding to comments, liking different comments, follow clients and partners and offer a shout out to those who have supported you. It's always simpler to say, well, go read the guide!' Sharing a true customer testimonial can help increase your persuasiveness by applying this notion. Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Persuasive Essay Social Media Topics Beneficial to the Society Is Wrong Social networking is a rising trends on the planet today. Social networking is among the biggest elements that we live with and cannot ignore it. They is widely used to create awareness for causes that are important for the society. Social networking makes much easier for the people to cooperate with one another, either for business purposes or socially, by sitting anywhere on earth. Perhaps, there are several concerns as soon as it comes to the notion of using social media. Especially, it's important that we understand and regulate using social networking by young children. Since you can see, we have to understand and regulate using social networking by young children. Based on your audience, you might decide to research different aspects of your preferred controversial topics. All the topics are highly intriguing and new that is likely to assist you in doing online dedicated research also. Information is currently shared freely between them both. As tempting as it might appear to skip past the extra info and go straight to the list of persuasive essay topics, don't do it.

Courts Obsession with Precedent Blinds

Question: Discuss, To what extent does courts obsession with precedent blinds them to achive justice? Answer: It is very normal for the judges in the legal system across the globe to come to conclusions with regards the cases basis the decisions and pronouncements made in the earlier court cases. This is how are legal system across the globe has been built. The said system has become an indispensible part of the legal system and there are times judges tend to follow the same blindfolded. This may lead to defeating of the very purpose of providing justice to the innocent. Although the precedent cases may help to provide the judge with the decisions that can be pronounced but if the circumstance is not same in all forms then the same should be reviewed and individual judgmental factors should form a part of the judgement. But even though he has to use his own judiciary knowledge while taking a decision, the same should be in line with the previous pronouncements. However some deviations are attached to the said concept of following the precedence[1]. Every case has something different; hence the judge should make decisions only after understanding the details of the case. He can take an independent decision and make new judgements but within the boundaries of the common law that is spelt out by the judiciary. In such cases the earlier judgements may act as a guide which would help them to take decisions. Thus it does not blind the courts and the judges to take decisions basis the precedence for the achievement of justice in totality[2]. There is application of the other laws applicable and the precedent cases act as a guidance to take proper decisions. It even helps to defend if the decisions taken by the judges of the lower courts are further challenged by the sufferer in the higher benches of the judicial structure. In that scenario the basis of decisions pronounced are elaborated which helps to solve the issue smoothly. If someone is convicted of committing a crime then the approach is somewhat similar. The Criminal Code has defined what the maximum and the minimum penalty can be and basis this they pronounce decisions depending upon the veracity of the crime committed. The judge should not make a decision basis the previous decisions simply by reviewing the case blindly. He should understand the seriousness of the crime, the people who are affected because of the same, the background of the offender and if there seems to be an option for rehabilitation[3]. They refer previous judgements just to ensure that there are no unfair decisions taken. Thus even in the criminal offence the same acts as a guide[4]. Therefore it is understood that the courts take decisions basis the previous judgements but are not dependent fully for the same. They do use their own judgemental attributes as well. Thus blind dependence is not there, in fact judges use the decisions taken by the eminent judges for similar situations help them to act is a more wiser manner and prevent them to take any wrong decision[5]. Thus they are not compulsorily binding except in certain circumstances. The stance where the previous legal proceedings decisions are binding on the judges is known as stare decisis. The said phrase means that we should follows what the decisions have already been made and not make efforts to disturb the undisturbed. The said principle has two parts, firstly where any decisions has been manifested by the supreme court of a country, the same becomes binding over the other lower courts. The second principle states that any decision given by the courts lower than the Supreme Court can be used as guidan ce but it is not obligatory for the judges to follow the precedence blindly[6]. There have been instances where the lower courts have made pronouncements which are not totally in line with the previous judgements made in the higher courts. In such a scenario they are to defend and explain as to why the same is different from the binding precedence. Basis an appeal made by the deciding court, decision can be taken in contrast to the defined precedent of the case. Further if there is no appeal made by the party who loses the case, then the decision made by the appellate court is considered to be final and binding as well[7]. This Common Law system is basically found in England and United States of America. Many theorists and eminent scholars have argued that there may be instances when reasoning basis a precedent may not be similar to what one would have decided if the judicial rules were applied. Even though the case backgrounds are similar to the previous already pronounced case, yet the same may not be rational. Cases which are same and similar should not be treated at the same level. It is very important to understand that the previous decisions are not bound to constitute laws. These decisions have come to picture due to the applicability of the constituted laws by the judicial authority. However this fact cannot be denied that these precedents have acted as an auxiliary part in settling down of issues[8]. The courts obsession to follow the precedents blindly acts as a hindrance to the achievement of justice as there are two main issues firstly the constitution of law has lead to emergence of the precedents, then how can the same be treated as a part of the law. Secondly there may be instances when the previous decisions may be erroneous, then why make it part of the constitute. The independence of the judges is also hampered. They may be taking a correct decision but on getting bounded by the earlier decisions may end up taking incorrect decisions thus can also lead to punishing the innocent and rewarding the guilty[9]. The blind following of precedence does affect the achievement of justice due to the rigidity of following what is pronounced. It makes the system inflexible and the judges lack application of their own wit. Judges should understand that the doctrine of stare decisis is not compulsorily to be followed. It is to be followed as a guide. It is also to be understood that reliance on the constitution is better than relying upon the unconstituted decisions which may be even erroneous in some circumstances[10]. Thus the same can be summarized by stating that precedents help the judges to take sound decisions but total dependency on the same affects the very law of providing justice. Some precedents are bounded and there is no escape from the same. However judges may try to defend the case not basis the binding precedent but the same is a difficult stance. Some precedence are persuasive in nature whereby the earlier pronouncement can be used as a guide and does not necessitates to act in accordance to the precedent spelt out. Thus total dependence upon the precedence rule may end up leading to take hasty decisions at times also. Thus a judge should also use his own knowledge base and analyze all the aspects of a case, pay heed to the smallest of evidences and apply rationality while arriving at a cases judgment. Bibliography Niblett A, Do Judges Cherry Pick Precedents to Justify Extra Legal Decisions? : A Statistical Examination, University of Chicago law School, (2010) https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=11502context=journal_articles Accessed 22 August 2016 Cscja-acjcs.ca, How Judges Make Decisions (2006) https://www.cscja-acjcs.ca/judges_decisions-en.asp?l=5 accessed 22 August 2016 Sherwin E, A Defence of analogical Reasoning in Law University of Chicago Law Review(1991) page 1179-1197 Lamond G, Do Precedents Create Rules? Legal Theory, (volume 15, 2005) Perell P M, Stare decisis and techniques of legal reasoning and legal argument The Canadian legal Research and Writing Guide (1987) https://legalresearch.org/writing-analysis/stare-decisis-techniques/ Accessed 22 August 2016 Brian P, Do Judges Really Have To Follow Precedent ? https://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2009/07/do_judges_really_have_to_follow_precedent.html Accessed 22 August 2016 Cross R and Harris J W, Precedent In English law (4th ed Clarendon Press 1991) Brewer S, Exemplary reasoning Semantics , Pragmatics and the rational Force of Legal Arguments by Analogy Harvard Law Review (March 1996) https://www.jstor.org/stable/1342258 accessed 22 August 2016 Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, Precedent and Analogy in Legal Reasoning (First published on June 20th 2006) https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-reas-prec/ accessed 22 August 2016 Burton S J, Law and Legal Reasoning (2nd Edn, Little Brown 1995)

Love in the Western World Essay Example Essay Example

Love in the Western World Essay Example Paper Love in the Western World Essay Introduction This paper will trace in general the different views on love as expressed by the different speakers in Plato’s Symposium and explore in detail the theories of Eros, Philia, Storge and Agape and the bearing it has on the notions of erotic love, filial love, sacrificial love and spiritual love. Another area that will be drawn into focus is the theory of â€Å"platonic love† based on Plato’s hypothesis. The context of the symposium is a get-together of the students of Socrates who get to talking and decide to take turns and speak in praise of Eros, the God of Love.Of the speakers Phaedrus speaks first and talks about the virtuosity Eros promotes in those who experience love. He talks about the awareness that true love can inspire in humans so that man becomes conscious of the noble qualities of honor, loyalty, courage and fidelity.Pausanius is the next to speak and dwells on the different kinds of love, from the common banal love to the higher, spiritual kind of lov e. The earthy love is not as noble as the intellectual love which is more faithful and elevates the mind and is completely devoid of desire. According to him the pursuit of higher knowledge and wisdom is the more honorable and the wantonness of physical love is shameful.Eryximachus talks about the concept of good love that helps man to be judicious and methodical. Eryximachus is a doctor and philosopher and talks about love beyond relationships, about intellectualism, the love of ideas, concepts and the fine arts like music. He speaks of the advantages love brings to humans, the most important being the ability to discern between honor and dishonor. He believes that there are opposing kinds of loves in every living being including animals and plants. However, true love is achieved through a synthesis of these opposing elements and that it can be the fountain and source of power, friendship and happiness (Plato’s Symposium).Aristophanes, the jester and humorist came up with th e concept of love as man in search of his soul mate and partner in order to feel one complete whole. He talks about man being split into half by Zeus for threatening to over run the Gods. Later Zeus modified his terrible act and allowed the two halves to marry as man and woman. It is said that ever since the two halves have been in search of the other.Socrates himself speaks last of all and talks of love as being the human desire for knowledge, wisdom and beauty. Love is the desire for what is beautiful and may not necessarily mean beauty in itself. According to Socrates love is the mere interface between what he desires and the object of his desire. When man has achieved real love he will be able to create beauty, conceptualize perfection and become wise and virtuous.In Greek mythology Eros is one of the three oldest Gods along with Cronos and Chaos and stands for love. The word ‘erotic’ is derived from the God of love, Eros, who encourages and endorses all those who s eek him to perform acts of virtue and merit. As has been mentioned before, all those present at the party or symposium have laid down their postulates and have spoken about different kinds of love and what it does for man. To further explore the concept of the various kinds of love let us consider the broad definition of these categories: Agape, Storge, Philia and Eros.Agape stands for spiritual love, the kind of love God has for his creatures and the love man strives to return. This kind of love transcends physical boundaries and is a higher form of love which finds fulfillment in just being there. It kindles spirituality and is perfection itself. Nothing can tarnish this kind of love and to most mortals seems almost impossible to attain. We can find examples of this kind of love in Christianity. In literature, I have found this kind of love being depicted in certain kinds of love lyrics that belong to the Renaissance age. In Petrarch’s poetry for instance, the poet’s object of desire, the enigmatic Laura, is continually shown as someone unreachable. Laura’s eyes are compared to stars; her face is often described as being so radiant as to make looking at her impossible. This imagery often ties up with how the apprehension of God is described in Christianity. Here, the conflict between Eros and Agape is continually present. The poet often feels helplessly tied between the demands of the earthier, physical Eros and the spiritual, the allegedly purer kind of Agape (Houston).Storge is synonymous with love that engenders sacrifice and purity. This is the kind of love parents feel for their children. This kind of love does not wait for reciprocity to grow and is there notwithstanding. The story of Abraham and Isaac is an interesting biblical instance of these two kinds of love where Storge is compelled to be sacrificed for the greater Agape. In order to prove the full extent of his Agape, his total devotion to God, Abraham is asked to sacrifice the thing he loves most. This happens to be Abraham’s son Isaac, the person for who he feels the greatest Storge. In the biblical context, Agape is undeniably higher than Storge. Abraham is therefore first made to prove the full extent of his Agape before God relents and lets him keep the object of his Storge. Other instances of pronounced Storge in literature include the love Cordelia feels for her father, King Lear in Shakespeare’s play. In this case however the Storge is made to complete its sacrifice in a sense because both the king’s beloved daughter and the king himself die in the end.Philia, or brotherly love, exists between friends, brothers and neighbors. This kind of love helps people to bond closely without being passionate or amorous. This kind of love prompts the feeling of camaraderie and brotherhood. A good example at hand would be the kind of love soldiers have amongst each other, where they bond intimately and share their joys and sorrows toget her without a hint of any physical attraction or manifestations. In Greek history, I have noticed the love depicted in the story of Damon and Pythias to be of this form. In the legend Damon and Pythias both survive Dionysus’ wrath because of their intense love for each other. But in another tale from the bible, the ending is not nearly as fortunate. Cain and Abel, sons of Adam and Eve, at first loved each other in the truest sense of Philia. However, with the preference God showed for Abel’s sacrifice of animals over Cain’s agricultural offerings, Cain’s love turns to intense jealousy and he ends up killing Abel. This is possibly the best known example of Philia getting overturned.Eros is passionate love, which can in most cases be closely linked to physical attraction and sexual love. Eros is often closely associated with the animal kingdom and therefore classically considered to be a lower form. Eros can often contend with Agape as we have seen earlier. And a popular example of this is in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. The love that the two young nobles feel for each other is no doubt arising from a certain attraction, or Eros. And yet the manner in which they express their love for each other in a language that is similar to that of Agape. Romeo and Juliet address each other in abject terms, making it a love not of equals but of one subservient to the other. This of course is one of the most common features of Agape.Although classically Eros is considered to be a lower form than Agape, as we have seen discussed in the Symposium, I personally feel this is not entirely fair. It is true that people often consider it nobler to love a person without wanting to possess him or her in a physical or earthly way. By implication this means that a person loves someone for more than their physicality, that is to say a love founded on something deeper than superficial beauty. This is true in theory, but not always in practice. We often find that the Agape is more often than not directed towards someone of higher social standing, or towards a woman who is unreachable, like a noblewoman or even the queen. This amounts to nothing short of sycophancy sometimes. Is it then less hypocritical than loving someone for their appearance?Eros is also equated with the animal kingdom and is therefore considered â€Å"lower.† But why should something, that takes place in the natural world, be considered lower? If animals love each other erotically, does it not make it a more natural, or even a â€Å"higher† love? After all this kind of love is based on the truth of the body’s responses to the beloved; if someone is beautiful and attractive physically, why should it be wrong to feel attraction or love for this person? Even if it is based only on appearances, Eros is more genuine. There is no verbal intrusion that allows lovers to lie to each other or praise each other in hollow terms.Philia too I think is of ten under-rated in the present generation. Friends can often feel a lot of love between them without it being the Erotic or even the Agape type of love. We have been brainwashed by popular movies and books into always expecting friendships to turn into love as that fits in with the perfect happy ending of the plot. But why should this be? Why is simple, platonic love that expects nothing physical or romantic in return be less of a love than any other kind? After all, is it not nobler for two friends to love each other in spite of the fact that they have nothing physical or romantic to gain from each other?Storge also is often under-appreciated in popular culture. Love that exists within families has become such a rare instance in the days of divorce and estrangement that perhaps more of art needs to depict it now, more than ever. People seem to forget that our families are what we are born into. We carry our parents’ genes and share them with our siblings and nothing or no on e else can ever change that. It is true that we are often unfortunate in this regard and there are many children brought into this world in an unloving family, but even so the love that exists between members of the family is something that precedes life itself. Just to think about what a pregnant mother endures for nine months and so many years following the birth, is enough to prove the argument.In conclusion, I think it is fruitless to spend hours debating on which form of love is higher than the others because each kind of love, whether borne out of devotion, lust, filial ties or friendship, is a distinct kind of love. A sort of love that is unique to itself and therefore deserving of special attention. Instead of trying to compare them it is perhaps best to be grateful to know that they all exist.Works CitedDe Rouguemont, Denis. Love in the Western World. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1940. Print.Houston, Beth. â€Å"Longing for Laura.† Able Muse. 2002. Web. 2 May 2010. Love in the Western World Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!